The Native Antigen Company is part of LGC Clinical Diagnostics - Learn More

0 Items
Select Page

Virus Receptors

The Native Antigen Company manufacturers highly purified virus-host cell receptors using state-of-the-art expression and purification techniques. On request we can also undertake custom preparation of recombinant and native proteins for a broad range of disease states.

Virus Receptors Background

Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens and consequently need to gain entry into a host cell for completion of their life cycle. In order to enter to a cell, viruses attach to specific receptor molecules on the cell surface; molecules which also play an important role in normal cell function. These attachment factors are usually small, charged proteins, lipids, or sugar moieties to which virus particles can bind electrostatically (Boulant, et al., 2015). Different viruses have evolved complex mechanisms to bind to these membrane-associated proteins and gain access to the cell interior. Its currently unknown why certain receptors are preferred by certain viruses, although in some instances the same molecules are targeted by different virus families. Generally though, it has been shown that compared to other membrane proteins, virus receptors have more protein domains, a higher level of N-glycosylation, a higher ratio of self-interaction, more interaction partners and higher expression levels in most of the host tissues (Zhang, et al., 2018).

Enveloped viruses attach to the receptors on the surface of a cell. Secondary receptors may also be utilised to puncture the membrane or for fusion with the host cell. Following attachment, the viral envelope fuses with the host cell membrane, ferrying the naked virus particles into the cell. Viruses may also use different receptors depending on the target cell type and can also enter the cell through endocytosis. Containment within endosomes provides low pH conditions and exposure to proteases which are required to open the viral capsid and release the genetic material inside. Endosomes then transport the virus through the cell and ensure that no trace of the virus is left on the surface, helping to prevent immune recognition (Knipe & Howley, 2013).

Non-enveloped viruses enter the cell through endocytosis where they are ingested by the host cell through the cell membrane. In this case the virus attaches itself onto surface receptors and is engulfed by the cell along with other molecules that the cell normally transports across its membrane. Once inside the cell, the virus escapes the transport vesicle and is freed into the cytoplasm to continue its journey. Attachment to receptors also allows some viruses to directly inject their DNA into the host-cell (Knipe & Howley, 2013).

Consequently, receptor expression on specific cells and tissues of a host is a major determinant of the route of entry of a virus into the host and of the patterns of virus spread and pathogenesis once in the host. Therefore, it is not surprising that many antiviral therapies have focussed on disrupting viral entry mechanisms, often based on the administration of soluble receptors, receptor ligands or antibodies for blocking attachment.

References

Boulant, S., Stanifer, M. & Lozach, P. Y., 2015. Dynamics of Virus-Receptor Interactions in Virus Binding, Signaling, and Endocytosis. Viruses, 7(6), p. 2794–2815.

Knipe, D. M. & Howley, P., 2013. Fields Virology. Sixth ed. LWW.

Zhang, Z., Zhu, Z., et al., 2018. Cell membrane proteins with high N-glycosylation, high expression, and multiple interaction partners are preferred by mammalian viruses as receptors. Bioinformatics.

Our Virus Receptors

Receptor
Associated Viruses
Expression System
Tag
Product Code
 
Human ACE2 (18-615)
 
 
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV
HCoV-NL63
 
 
HEK293
 
 
Sheep Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31832 >>>
 
 
Human ACE2 (18-615)
 
 
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV
HCoV-NL63
 
 
CHO
 
 
Human Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31832 >>>
 
 
Human ACE2 (19-740)
 
 
SARS-CoV-2
SARS-CoV
HCoV-NL63
 
 
CHO
 
 
Human Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31833 >>>
 
 
CD147 (1-324)
 
 
SARS-CoV-2
Plasmodia
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31872 >>>
 
 
CD147 (22-205)
 
 
SARS-CoV-2
Plasmodia
 
 
CHO
 
 
Human Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31872 >>>
 
 
AXL/UFO (1-445)
 
 
EBOV
INFA
WNV
DENV
LAFV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31687 >>>
 
 
CLEC4M/L-SIGN (43-371)
 
 
EBOV
HCV
SARS-CoV
HIV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (N-Terminus)
 
 
REC31686 >>>
 
 
DAG (28-651)
 
 
LAFV
LCMV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
Human Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31697 >>>
 
 
DC-SIGN (59-404)
 
 
HIV
HCV
DENV
EBOV
CMV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (N-Terminus)
 
 
REC31684 >>>
 
 
EFNB2 (1-226)
 
 
NIV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31685 >>>
 
 
ITGA5:ITGB3 (1-718)
 
 
AdV
PV
HIV
hMPV
HSV
EV
WNV
JEV
DENV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31719 >>>
 
 
MOG (1-154)
 
 
RUBV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31683 >>>
 
 
MXRA8 (1-341)
 
 
CHIKV
MAYV
ONNV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31648 >>>
 
 
MXRA8 (1-341)
 
 
CHIKV
MAYV
ONNV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
Mouse Fc (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31649 >>>
 
 
NRP-2 (23-864)
 
 
CMV
HTLV-1
EBV
 
 
HEK293
 
 
His (C-Terminus)
 
 
REC31676 >>>
 

 

Virus Receptors

Human cell surface receptors (CSRs) are as key proteins for the development of novel therapeutics. To support research in this area, we have produced a panel of recombinant human CSRs that are known to mediate virus entry. In many cases, we also provide the viral proteins that bind the corresponding CSR for molecular interaction studies.

Questions?

Check out our FAQ section for answers to the most frequently asked questions about our website and company.

Monkeypox; 3 months on

It has been 3 months since a new, unusually widespread outbreak of Monkeypox was first identified. What was normally a virus confined to limited infections in the West African continent is becoming a global health concern.   What have we learned about this virus...

COVID-19 Underlines the Need for Universal Vaccines

This article was originally published on Clinical Lab Manager. In recent history, humanity has witnessed numerous emerging viral diseases, including the SARS, MERS, and SARS-2 coronaviruses, as well as HIV, Zika, Ebola, and H1N1 and H3N2 influenza. None have tested...

Tick-Borne Diseases: The Need for Integrated Approaches to Human-Animal Diagnosis

This article has been published in Volume 8, Issue 3 of International Animal Health Journal. Ticks are responsible for a diverse group of neglected, and rapidly expanding diseases, affecting humans, companion animals and livestock. A growing understanding of tick-host...

The Continued Challenges of Flavivirus Serology

This article was originally published on the Science Advisory Board. Flaviviruses are a genus of positive-sense RNA viruses, largely transmitted by mosquito and tick vectors that cause infections, including yellow fever, dengue, the Zika virus, West Nile virus,...

The Role of Serology in Tracking COVID-19 Mutations

This article was originally published on Clinical Lab Products. As SARS-CoV-2 began its global proliferation in early 2020, scientists hastened to investigate its biology, develop diagnostic tests, and design candidate vaccines, marking one of the most...

Get in Touch

We sometimes send exclusive information and offers to our customers - please let us know if you are happy to receive these

1 + 3 =